When investigating heterogeneous media such as composite materials or geological structures, it is convenient to replace them by macroscopic equivalent media, which simplifies computations a lot. In the paper, we look for the equivalent macroscopic model for describing seismic wave propagation and transient heat transfers in thermoelastic periodic geological structures made of rock or soil. We follow the route described in Auriault (2012), to investigating thermoelastic composite media. We use the method of multi-scale asymptotic expansions. By estimating the dimensionless numbers in the momentum and energy balances, we show that an equivalent macroscopic model exists for describing seismic waves at very low frequencies only. The model then shows a damping which is due to thermal resonance at the heterogeneity scale. At higher frequencies, such an equivalent macroscopic model does not exist. Macroscopic models for describing transient heat transfers do not exist.