R. Bagnold, The Flow of Cohesionless Grains in Fluids, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol.249, issue.964, pp.235-297, 1956.
DOI : 10.1098/rsta.1956.0020

R. Bagnold, An Empirical Correlation of Bedload Transport Rates in Flumes and Natural Rivers, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, pp.453-473, 1751.
DOI : 10.1098/rspa.1980.0122

F. Bendahmane, D. Marot, and &. A. Alexis, Experimental Parametric Study of Suffusion and Backward Erosion, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol.134, issue.1, pp.57-67, 2008.
DOI : 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:1(57)

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01006849

P. L. Bhatnagar, E. P. Gross, and &. M. Krook, A Model for Collision Processes in Gases. I. Small Amplitude Processes in Charged and Neutral One-Component Systems, Physical Review, vol.94, issue.3, pp.511-525, 1954.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRev.94.511

D. Bigoni, Bifurcation and instability of non-associative elastopastic solids, Material instabilities in elastic and plastic solids, pp.1-52, 2000.

D. T. Bigoni and . Hueckel, Uniqueness and localization???I. Associative and non-associative elastoplasticity, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.28, issue.2, pp.197-213, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0020-7683(91)90205-T

L. Boltzmann, Weitere studien über das wärmegleichgewicht unter gas-molekülen, Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, vol.1, pp.316-402, 1872.

S. Bonelli, Erosion in Geomechanics Applied to Dams and Levees, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/9781118577165

S. D. Bonelli and . Marot, Micromechanical modeling of internal erosion, European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, vol.107, issue.11, pp.1207-1224, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00207-0

J. Briaud, F. Ting, H. Chen, Y. Cao, S. Han et al., Erosion Function Apparatus for Scour Rate Predictions, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol.127, issue.2, pp.105-113, 2001.
DOI : 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:2(105)

R. D. Chambon and . Caillerie, Existence and uniqueness theorems for boundary value problems involving incrementally non-linear models, Int. J. Solids Structures, pp.5089-5099, 1999.

C. P. Chang and . Hicher, An elasto-plastic model for granular materials with microstructural consideration, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.42, issue.14, pp.4258-4277, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2004.09.021

D. L. Chang and . Zhang, A stress-controlled erosion apparatus for studying internal erosion in soils, Geotechnical Testing Journal, vol.34, issue.6, pp.1-11, 2011.

S. T. Chapman and . Cowling, TheMathematical Theory of Non-uniform Gases : An Account of the Kinetic Theory of Viscosity, Thermal Conduction and Diffusion in Gases, 1991.

H. Chen, S. Chen, and &. W. Matthaeus, Recovery of the Navier-Stokes equations using a lattice-gas Boltzmann method, Physical Review A, vol.45, issue.8, pp.5339-5342, 1992.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevA.45.R5339

J. Chin, Lattice Boltzmann simulation of the flow of binary immiscible fluids with different viscosities using the Shan-Chen microscopic interaction model, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol.360, issue.1792, pp.547-558, 1792.
DOI : 10.1098/rsta.2001.0953

P. Cundall, A computer model for simulating progressive large scale movements of blocky rock systems, Proceedings of the symposium of the international society of rock mechanics, pp.132-150, 1971.

P. O. Cundall and . Strack, A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies, G??otechnique, vol.29, issue.1, pp.47-65, 1979.
DOI : 10.1680/geot.1979.29.1.47

F. Da-cruz, S. Emam, M. Prochnow, J. Roux, and &. F. Chevoir, Rheophysics of dense granular materials: Discrete simulation of plane shear flows, Physical Review E, vol.72, issue.2, p.21309, 2005.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.72.021309

P. Dantu, Contribution à l'étude mécanique et géométrique des milieux pulvérulents, Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Soils Mech. Found, pp.144-148, 1957.

A. Daouadji, F. Darve, H. Gali, P. Hicher, F. Laouafa et al., Diffuse failure in geomaterials: Experiments, theory and modelling, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, vol.33, issue.2, pp.35-1731, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/nag.975

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ineris-00963272

F. Darve, Geomaterials Constitutive Equations and Modelling, Chapter Incrementally nonlinear relationships, pp.213-238, 1990.

F. Darve, G. Servant, F. Laouafa, and &. H. Khoa, Failure in geomaterials: continuous and discrete analyses, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol.193, issue.27-29, pp.27-29, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cma.2003.11.011

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ineris-00962876

F. Darve, L. Sibille, A. Daouadji, and &. F. Nicot, Bifurcations in granular media : macro-and micromechanics approaches, Comptes Rendus Mécanique, vol.335, pp.9-10, 2007.

C. R. Di-prisco and . Nova, Stability problems related to static liquefaction of loose sand. Localisation and Bifurcation Theory for Soils and Rocks Chambon, Balkema, pp.59-70, 1994.

D. Enskog, Kinetische theorie der vorgänge in mässig verdünnten gasen, pp.Upp- sala, 1917.

R. Fell, Internal erosion of dams and their foundations, 2007.

V. Ferro, Evaluating overland flow sediment transport capacity, Hydrological Processes, vol.99, issue.12, pp.1895-1910, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19981015)12:12<1895::AID-HYP671>3.0.CO;2-6

U. Frisch, D. D-'humières, B. Hasslacher, P. Lallemand, Y. Pomeau et al., Lattice gas hydrodynamics in two and three dimensions, Complex Systems, vol.1, pp.649-707, 1987.

J. Goddard, Physics of dry granular media, Chapter Continuum modeling of granular assemblies, 1998.

G. Govers, Evaluation of transporting capacity formulae for overland flow, Overland flow, pp.243-273, 1992.

I. Haghighi, C. Chevalier, M. Duc, S. Guédon, and &. P. Reiffsteck, Improvement of Hole Erosion Test and Results on Reference Soils, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol.139, issue.2, pp.330-339, 2013.
DOI : 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000747

J. Hardy, Time evolution of a two???dimensional model system. I. Invariant states and time correlation functions, Journal of Mathematical Physics, vol.14, issue.12, p.1746, 1973.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1666248

J. Hardy, O. Pazzis, and &. Y. Pomeau, Molecular dynamics of a classical lattice gas: Transport properties and time correlation functions, Physical Review A, vol.13, issue.5, pp.1949-1961, 1976.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevA.13.1949

R. Hill, A general theory of uniqueness and stability in elastic-plastic solids, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol.6, issue.3, pp.239-249, 1958.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-5096(58)90029-2

M. Klisinski, M. Z. , and &. K. Runesson, Structure of constitutive equations in plasticity for different choices of state and control variables, International Journal of Plasticity, vol.8, issue.3, pp.221-243, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0749-6419(92)90049-I

A. J. Ladd, Numerical simulations of particulate suspensions via a discretized Boltzmann equation. Part 1. Theoretical foundation, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.21, issue.1, p.285, 1994.
DOI : 10.1063/1.454658

L. Lancelot, I. Shahrour, and &. M. Mahmoud, Instability and Static Liquefaction on Proportional Strain Paths for Sand at Low Stresses, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, vol.130, issue.11, pp.1365-1372, 2004.
DOI : 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2004)130:11(1365)

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00138168

F. Lominé, L. Scholtès, L. Sibille, and &. P. Poullain, Modeling of fluid-solid interaction in granular media with coupled lattice Boltzmann/discrete element methods: application to piping erosion, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, vol.1, issue.1, pp.577-596, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/nag.1109

A. Love, A treatise on the mathematical theory of elasticity, 1927.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01307751

H. Low, Effect of sediment density on bed-load transport, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, vol.115, pp.124-138, 1989.

D. Marot, F. Bendahmane, F. Rosquoet, and &. A. Alexis, Internal flow effects on isotropic confined sand-clay mixtures. Soil & sediment contamination 18, pp.294-306, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00379217

D. Marot, L. Van-duong, J. Garnier, L. Thorel, and &. P. Audrain, Study of scale effect in an internal erosion mechanism: centrifuge model and energy analysis, European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, vol.134, issue.3, pp.1-19, 2012.
DOI : 10.1520/GTJ11129J

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00850888

G. G. Mcnamara and . Zanetti, Use of the Boltzmann Equation to Simulate Lattice-Gas Automata, Physical Review Letters, vol.61, issue.20, pp.2332-2335, 1988.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.61.2332

R. J. Moffat and . Fannin, A large permeameter for study of internal stability in cohesionless soils, Geotechnical Testing Journal, vol.29, issue.4, pp.273-279, 2006.

E. Montellà, M. Toraldo, B. Chareyre, and &. L. Sibille, Localized fluidization in granular materials: Theoretical and numerical study, Physical Review E, vol.94, issue.5, 2016.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.94.052905

J. Moreau, Numerical investigation of shear zones in granular materials, Friction, Arching, pp.223-247, 1997.

D. Muir-wood, K. Maeda, and &. E. Nukudani, Discrete element modelling of soil erosion, Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Scour and Erosion, pp.491-496, 2008.

F. F. Nicot and . Darve, Diffuse and localized failure modes: Two competing mechanisms, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, vol.57, issue.4, pp.586-601, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/nag.912

F. Nicot, F. Darve, and &. H. Khoa, Bifurcation and second-order work in geomaterials, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, vol.43, issue.8, pp.1007-1032, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/nag.573

F. Nicot, L. Sibille, and &. F. Darve, Failure in rate-independent granular materials as a bifurcation toward a dynamic regime, International Journal of Plasticity, vol.29, pp.136-154, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijplas.2011.08.002

R. Nova, CONTROLLABILITY OF THE INCREMENTAL RESPONSE OF SOIL SPECIMENS SUBJECTED TO ARBITRARY LOADING PROGRAMMES, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials, vol.5, issue.2, pp.193-201, 1994.
DOI : 10.1515/JMBM.1994.5.2.193

V. W. Osinov and . Wu, Instability and ill-posedness in the deformation of plastic solids : some correlations through simple examples, Trends in Applications of Mathematics to Mechanics, pp.361-370, 2005.

E. Papamichos and . Vardoulakis, Sand erosion with a porosity diffusion law, Computers and Geotechnics, vol.32, issue.1, pp.47-58, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.compgeo.2004.11.005

E. Papamichos, I. Vardoulakis, J. Tronvoll, and &. A. Skjaerstein, Volumetric sand production model and experiment, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, vol.4, issue.3/4, pp.789-808, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/nag.154

T. A. Parchure and . Mehta, Erosion of Soft Cohesive Sediment Deposits, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, vol.111, issue.10, pp.1308-1326, 1985.
DOI : 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1985)111:10(1308)

E. Partheniades, Erosion and deposition of cohesive soils, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, vol.91, issue.1, pp.105-139, 1965.

M. &. Pinheiro and . Wan, Finite element analysis of diffuse instability using an implicitly integrated pressure-density dependent elastoplastic model. Finite elements in analysis and design 46, pp.487-495, 2010.

F. Prunier, B. Chomette, M. Brun, and &. F. Darve, Designing geotechnical structures with a proper stability criterion as a safety factor, Computers and Geotechnics, vol.71, pp.98-114, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.compgeo.2015.09.007

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01459716

Y. Qian, D. D-'humières, and &. P. Lallemand, Lattice BGK Models for Navier-Stokes Equation, Europhysics Letters (EPL), vol.17, issue.6, pp.479-484, 1992.
DOI : 10.1209/0295-5075/17/6/001

F. Rajaï, S. Roux, and &. J. Moreau, Contact forces in a granular packing, Chaos, vol.9, issue.3, pp.544-550, 1999.

B. O. Raniecki and . Bruhns, Bounds to bifurcation stresses in solids with non-associated plastic flow law at finite strain, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol.29, issue.2, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-5096(81)90021-1

L. Reddi, I. Lee, and &. M. Bonala, Comparison of internal and surface erosion using flow pump test on a sand-kaolinite mixture, Geotechnical Testing Journal, vol.23, issue.1, pp.116-122, 2000.

P. D. Regazzoni and . Marot, A comparative analysis of interface erosion tests, Natural Hazards, vol.130, issue.4, pp.937-950, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s11069-013-0620-3

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01004679

J. Rice, The localization of plastic deformation, Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, pp.207-220, 1976.

K. Z. Runesson and . Mroz, A note on nonassociated plastic flow rules, International Journal of Plasticity, vol.5, issue.6, pp.639-658, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0749-6419(89)90005-3

Y. Sail, D. Marot, L. Sibille, and &. A. Alexis, Suffusion tests on cohesionless granular matter, European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, vol.29, issue.4, pp.799-817, 2011.
DOI : 10.1680/geot.1994.44.3.449

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01007350

L. Scholtès, P. Hicher, and &. L. Sibille, Multiscale approaches to describe mechanical responses induced by particle removal in granular materials, Comptes Rendus M??canique, vol.338, issue.10-11, pp.10-11, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.crme.2010.10.003

L. Sibille, Mod??lisation discr??te de la rupture dans les milieux granulaires, Revue Europ??enne de G??nie Civil, vol.10, issue.8, 2006.
DOI : 10.1080/17747120.2006.9692899

L. F. Sibille and . Darve, Modèles de comportement micro-mécaniques des géomatériaux, Construction | Mécanique des sols et géotechnique. Techniques de l'Ingénieur. Réf, p.221, 2016.

L. Sibille, N. Hadda, F. Nicot, and &. F. Darve, Une description générale de la rupture dans les sols et son implication dans la stabilité des ouvrages hydrauliques, Digues maritimes et fluviales de protection contre les submersions -Digues2013, pp.263-271, 2013.

L. Sibille, N. Hadda, N. Nicot, A. Tordesillas, and &. F. Darve, Granular plasticity, a contribution from discrete mechanics, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol.75, pp.119-139, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmps.2014.09.010

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01299564

L. Sibille, F. Lominé, P. Poullain, Y. Sail, and &. D. Marot, Internal erosion in granular media: direct numerical simulations and energy interpretation, Hydrological Processes, vol.28, issue.9, pp.2149-2163, 2015.
DOI : 10.1002/hyp.10351

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01064732

L. Sibille, D. Marot, and &. Y. Sail, A description of internal erosion by suffusion and induced settlements on cohesionless granular matter, Acta Geotechnica, vol.60, issue.6, pp.735-748, 2015.
DOI : 10.1007/s11440-015-0388-6

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01299663

L. Sibille, T. Mullin, and &. P. Poullain, The effect of particle shape on the marginal rigidity state in 2D granular media, EPL (Europhysics Letters), vol.86, issue.4, p.44003, 2009.
DOI : 10.1209/0295-5075/86/44003

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01007363

L. Sibille, F. Nicot, F. Donzé, and &. F. Darve, Analysis of failure occurrence from direct simulations, European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, vol.3, issue.2, pp.187-201, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/nag.591

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01005248

M. Stavropoulou, P. Papanastasiou, and &. I. Vardoulakis, Coupled wellbore erosion and stability analysis, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, vol.31, issue.9, pp.749-769, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9853(199809)22:9<749::AID-NAG944>3.0.CO;2-K

D. Sterpi, Effects of the Erosion and Transport of Fine Particles due to Seepage Flow, International Journal of Geomechanics, vol.3, issue.1, pp.111-122, 2003.
DOI : 10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2003)3:1(111)

S. Succi, The Lattice Boltzmann Equation for Fluid Dynamics and Beyond, 2001.

A. Tordesillas, S. Pucilowski, L. Sibille, F. Nicot, and &. F. Darve, Multiscale characterisation of diffuse granular failure, Philosophical Magazine, vol.3, issue.36, pp.4547-4587, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/14786435.2012.715766

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01008511

A. Tordesillas, D. Walker, and &. Q. Lin, Force cycles and force chains, Physical Review E, vol.81, issue.1, p.11302, 2010.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.81.011302

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00654281

K. Valanis, On the Uniqueness of Solution of the Initial Value Problem in Softening Materials, Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol.52, issue.3, pp.649-653, 1985.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3169115

I. Vardoulakis, M. Stavropoulou, and &. P. Papanastasiou, Hydro-mechanical axpects of the sand production problem. transport in porous media, Transport in porous media 22, pp.225-244, 1996.

C. R. Wan and . Fell, Investigation of internal erosion and piping of soils in embankment dams by the slot erosion test and the hole erosion test, UNICIV Report, vol.412, 2004.

J. Weber, Recherches concernant les contraintes intergranulaires dans les milieux pulvérulents, Bulletin de Liaison des Ponts-et-Chaussées, vol.20, pp.1-20, 1966.

S. Wolfram, Theory and Applications of Cellular Automata, 1986.